Resurfacing the Submerged Past

Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Flevoland Polders, the Netherlands

Edited by Dr. Hans Peeters, Dr. Laura Kooistra, Prof. Dr. Daan Raemaekers, Dr. Bjørn Smit and Karen Waugh

Imprint: Sidestone Press

310 Pages, 8.27 x 11 in, 150 full color and 30 b&w images

Hardcover
9789464260397
December 2021
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9789464260380
December 2021
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Description
Contents
Authors

The Netherlands are internationally renowned for the archaeology of its wetland environments. The reclamation of the Flevoland Polders in the early half of the 20th century not only exposed hundreds of shipwrecks, but also remnants of prehistoric landscapes and traces of human occupation dating to Mesolithic and Neolithic times. Ultimately, this led to the ‘discovery’ of the Swifterbant Culture in the 1960s-1970s, and which was initially seen as a Dutch equivalent of the Ertebølle Culture.

Archaeological investigations conducted by the University of Groningen, and later also the University of Amsterdam, delivered important new data on the nature of the Swifterbant Culture. It became key in the discussion about the adoption of crop cultivation and animal husbandry by hunter-gatherers living in wetland environments. Also, the Swifterbant Culture became central in the debate on the meaning of archaeologically defined ‘cultures’, questioning relationships between social interaction and material culture. With the increase of urbanization and infrastructural works, alongside changes in the Dutch Monuments Act, dozens of small and large-scale development-led investigations got initiated at the turn of the century.

One project involved the construction of the Hanzelijn railway, crossing one of the polders from West to East. Archaeologists became aware that much of what was known – and unknown – about the prehistoric past of the Flevoland Polders, was not easily accessible. It was therefore decided to bring together, as much as possible, all the information from the many scattered sources, and make it accessible to professionals, both inside and outside the Netherlands. The result is this book, which presents an overview of the most important sites and data, and what these learn us about the nature of the archaeological record, landscape change, prehistoric subsistence, ritual behavior, as well as socio-cultural developments during the Mesolithic and Neolithic.

Previously considered an impossibility, ‘fossilized’ fields, discovered at Swifterbant, demonstrate crop cultivation in wetland environments in an early stage of the Neolithic. In fact, the prehistory of the Flevoland Polders is tightly connected to the dynamic nature of the extended wetlands that characterized the landscape since the end of the last glacial. Although often regarded as the ‘margin’ of cultural dynamics in the past, we can now see that the Flevoland Polders were right in the center of fundamental long-term changes in human existence in NW Europe.

Chapter 1 Introduction of the Hanzelijn Archaeological Project (K. E. Waugh (Ɨ), W. Hessing & J. Flamman)
1.1 Organisation
1.2 The archaeological project
1.3 Knowledge Development Program Archaeology Hanzelijn 2012-2020
1.4 Some retrospective remarks

Chapter 2 The cradle of the Swifterbant culture: 50 years of archaeological investigations in the province of Flevoland (D.C.M Raemaekers & J.H.M. Peeters)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of the polders
2.3 Research traditions in the polder
2.4 Research topics and approaches
2.5 The positioning of the Swifterbant Culture
2.6 Archaeology and the public
2.7 Conclusions

Chapter 3 Hidden landscapes: mapping and evaluating deeply buried remains of human activity (J.H.M. Peeters & B.I. Smit)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Climate, sea level rise and the structure of the subsurface
3.3 The character and quality of archaeological remains
3.4 Mapping hidden landscape units
3.5 The identification of sites: on statistics and indicators
3.6 Excavations: windows on the past
3.7 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Exploiting a changing landscape: subsistence, habitation and skills (J.H.M. Peeters, T. ten Anscher, L.I. Kooistra, L. Kubiak-Martens & J. Zeiler)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taphonomy and analysis: the representativeness and interpretive value of find assemblages
4.3 Wild and domesticated mammals as sources of food
4.4 Fishing in a drowning landscape
4.5 Birds in the diet
4.6 Plant resources in the food economy
4.7 Food preparation and consumption
4.8 Resources and technology
4.9 Habitation patterns
4.10 Conclusions

Chapter 5 People, ritual and meaning (D.C.M Raemaekers)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Burial practice
5.3 Other cultural practices with human bones
5.4 Depositions
5.5 Materiality
5.6 Conclusions

Chapter 6 From land to water: geomorphological, hydrological and ecological developments in Flevoland from the Late Glacial to the end of the Subboreal (L.I. Kooistra & J.H.M. Peeters )
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study of the history of the Flevoland landscape in broad outline
6.3 Landscape dynamics in Flevoland
6.4 A new view of the landscape
6.5 Three windows of observation
6.6 Conclusions

Chapter 7 Transformations in a forager and farmer landscape: a cultural biography of prehistoric Flevoland (J.H.M. Peeters, L.I. Kooistra & D.C.M. Raemaekers)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The landscape as a source of subsistence
7.3 Cultural structuration of the environment
7.4 Socio-cultural cohesion
7.5 Conclusions

Site Atlas: Windows of observation: the quality, nature and context of excavated sites in Flevoland (T.Hamburg & B.I. Smit)
I.1Introduction
I.2 Zuidelijke Flevoland
I.2.1 Almere – Hoge Vaart/A27
I.2.2 Almere – Europakwartier site 7
I.2.3 Almere – Zwaanpad
I.2.4 Zeewolde – Oz35/Oz36
I.3 Oostelijk Flevoland
I.3.1 Dronten N23/N307 – site 5
I.3.2 Hanzelijn – Area VIII
I.3.3 Hanzelijn – Tunnel Drontermeer (area XVI)
I.3.4 Swifterbantcluster
I.4 Noordoostpolder
I.4.1 Emmeloord J97
I.4.2 Schokkerhaven – E170
I.4.3 Schokland P14
I.4.4 Urk – E4

Bibliography

Hans Peeters is associate professor at the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. He obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam. As a specialist in the archaeology of hunter-gatherers and early farmers, he worked at the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency from 1997 till 2009, and was involved in various projects, notably in Flevoland. In his work, he focusses on the relationship between landscape dynamics and hunter-gatherer behavior.

Furthermore he is a specialist in lithic technology. He has a long-standing involvement in the prehistoric archaeology of the North Sea (Doggerland). Currently, he is the principal investigator of an interdisciplinary project funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Resurfacing Doggerland. Environment, humans and material culture in a drowning postglacial landscape. Hans Peeters has published widely on hunter-gatherer archaeology, computational modeling, as well as on-land and offshore heritage management.

Laura Immy Kooistra is senior researcher archaeobotany and one of the founders of BIAX Consult, Biological Archaeology & Environmental Reconstruction. She studied biology at the Leiden University where she was educated in palaeoetnobotany and palynology. In 1996 she obtained her PhD with the thesis Borderland Farming. Possibilities and limitations of farming in the Roman Period and Early Middle Ages between Rhine and Meuse. Besides business as usual she is interested in subjects concerning the history and development of the environment, and the use of it by hunter-gatherers and farmers from prehistoric times till the early middle ages in the Netherlands. Another main issue is the provenance of food for the Roman army in the Rhine delta.

Daan Raemaekers is full professor of archaeology of northwestern Europe at the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. He obtained his PhD on the role of the Swifterbant culture in the transition to farming in northwestern Europe from Leiden University in 1999. In the period 1998-2002, he worked as project manager at RAAP Archaeological Consultancy and was involved in numerous developer-led projects in the province of Flevoland. He was appointed full professor at the University of Groningen in 2002. His academic work focuses on four interrelated topics: the transition to farming in northwestern Europe, the development of Neolithic societies in this area, the function and meaning of ceramics in this period and the role of prehistory in present-day societies. He has carried out fieldwork at several sites in the Swifterbant region and near megalithic tombs. He is the principal investigator of the project The Emergence of Domesticated Animals in the Netherlands (EDAN), financed by the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research NWO (2020-2022).

Bjørn Ivar Smit is senior researcher archaeology at Cultural heritage Agency of the Netherlands. He studied and obtained his PhD at the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Groningen and has worked for one of the larger archaeological companies (RAAP Archaeological Consultancy) in the Netherlands. His work at the Cultural Heritage Agency at is directed at the archaeological heritage management in the Netherlands. He focusses on early prehistory, palaeogeography and palaoelandscapes, drowned landscapes, predictive modelling, general heritage management/legislation on- and off shore and the formulation of knowledge strategies for the Cultural Heritage Agency.