Westminster Abbey contains the only surviving medieval Cosmatesque mosaics outside Italy. They comprise: the ‘Great Pavement’ in the sanctuary; the pavement around the shrine of Edward the Confessor; the saint’s tomb and shrine; Henry III’s tomb; the tomb of a royal child, and some other pieces. Surprisingly, the mosaics have never before received detailed recording and analysis, either individually or as an assemblage. This two-volume publication presents a holistic study of this outstanding group of monuments in their historical architectural and archaeological context.
The shrine of St Edward is a remarkable survival, having been dismantled at the Dissolution and re-erected (incorrectly) in 1557 under Queen Mary. Large areas of missing mosaic were replaced with plaster on to which mosaic designs were carefully painted. This 16th-century fictive mosaic is unique in Britain. Conservation of the sanctuary pavement was accompanied by full archaeological recording with every piece of mosaic decoration drawn and coloured by David Neal, phase plans have been prepared, and stone-by-stone examination undertaken, petrologically identifying and recording the locations of all the materials present. It has revealed that both the pavements and tombs include a range of exotic stone types. The Cosmati study has shed fresh light on every aspect of the unique series of monuments in Westminster Abbey; this work will fill a major lacuna in our knowledge of 13th-century English art of the first rank, and will command international interest.
The Pavements
List of figures
Foreword by The Very Reverend Dr John Hall, Dean of Westminster
Preface
Acknowledgements
Summary
1. The cosmatesque pavements and monuments: introduction and context
Historical and architectural context
The mosaic assemblage
2. Historiography and the antiquarian record
Early references, 1269–c. 1700
Descriptions and illustrations of the pavements and monuments, 1707–1925
The pavements and monuments in recent scholarship
3. The sanctuary and high altar pavements: past interventions, damage and repair
Paving the sanctuary: an historical overview
The cosmatesque sanctuary pavement
Installation of the Whitehall altarpiece, 1706–07
Sir George Gilbert Scott’s restoration of the sanctuary, 1859–71
4. Description of the sanctuary pavement
Purbeck marble matrix
Detailed description of the decoration
The frame inscriptions
Early repairs to the Cosmati pavement by Paul Drury
Phasing: construction, alteration and repair
5. Surveying, analyzing and evaluating the sanctuary and high altar pavements
Preparatory studies
Condition and conservation trials, 1993–98 by Vanessa Simeoni
Ground-penetrating radar surveys, 2004-05 by Erica Carrick Utsi
The archaeology beneath the pavements: an assessment
6. Conservation and repair of the sanctuary pavement by Vanessa Simeoni
Introduction
Recording and the sanctuary pavement archive
Materials in the pavement
Cleaning
Laser cleaning
Removal of cement patching
Purbeck marble: deterioration and treatment
Stone tesserae: damage and treatment
Glass tesserae
Restoration of the western border panel
Case study: the central medallion
Surface finish
Conclusions and post-conservation care
7. St Edward the Confessor’s chapel pavement
Past interventions and damage
The Purbeck marble matrix
Detailed description of the pavement
Ground-penetrating radar surveys of the high altar and St Edward’s chapel pavements, 2005 by Erica Carrick Utsi
The archaeology beneath the chapel floor
8. Materials employed in the pavements and monuments
Antiquarian petrology
The stone types by Kevin Hayward
Glass: analysis of samples from the sanctuary pavement by Ian Freestone
Metals employed in the pavements and monuments
Analysis of ‘mastic’ resin on the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall
Analysis of the paste-inlaid tesserae by Ruth Siddall
Mortars used in the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall
Notes to chapters 1 to 8
Plans 1 and 2 (fold-outs at end of volume)
VOLUME 2
The Monuments
9. St Edward’s chapel and the context of the shrine
Introduction
Chronology of St Edward’s enshrinement
Evolving topography of St Edward’s chapel
Monuments in the chapel: post-medieval interventions and antiquarian investigations
Impact of pilgrims and tourists on the chapel and its monuments
10. The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, I: description and primary fabric
Introduction
General description of the shrine-tomb
Detailed descriptions of the components
Reconstructing the original form of the shrine-tomb
Method of construction and assembly
The primary inscription: an assessment
11. The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, II: Tudor reconstruction and overall assessment
The feretory canopy (co-operculum)
Shrine of St Edward: historical context of its Tudor reconstruction
Abbot Feckenham’s reconstruction of the shrine pedestal and altar, 1557
Accident and intervention, 1685-86
St Edward’s coffins
Concluding assessment
12. Tomb of King Henry III
Introduction and antiquarian descriptions
Architectural form of the tomb
Detailed description of the mosaic decoration
Later interventions
13. Child’s tomb in the south ambulatory
Identity of the tomb and its occupants
Date and primary location of the tomb
Relocation of the tomb in the south ambulatory
The tomb-chest
Detailed description of the decoration
Discussion
14. Related monuments
St Edward’s shrine altar
Detached architectural fragments
The high altar and the Westminster Retable
The de Valence tombs
Inscription fragment in the floor of St Edward’s chapel
15. The Westminster mosaic assemblage: summary, assessment and dating
Luxury paving and mosaic decoration: Westminster in context
The sanctuary and its pavements
St Edward the Confessor’s chapel and its pavement
St Edward’s shrine-tomb and altar
Henry III and his shrine-tomb
Other tombs
Chronology of the Westminster Cosmati episode
Appendices
1. The shrine of Edward the Confessor in the records by Matthew Payne
Archival references
Chronicles
2. Quantification of tesserae in the mosaic pavements and monuments
Notes to chapters 9 to 16
Plan 3 (fold-out at end of volume)
Abbreviations and bibliography
Index
Warwick Rodwell OBE is an architectural historian and archaeologist with more than fifty years’ experience of investigating and publishing ecclesiastical and secular buildings in the UK and Channel Islands. He is Consultant Archaeologist to Westminster Abbey and was formerly Visiting Professor in Archaeology, University of Reading.
David S Neal FSA (b 1940) began his archaeological career 1957 assisting with the excavations at Verulamium. From 1961 he worked for the (then) Ministry of Works as an archaeological illustrator, and in 1975 became full-time archaeologist with (what became) English Heritage, on his retirement joining Stephen Cosh in the writing and illustration of the mosaic corpus from 1993. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters in 1992.
