Twenty-three contributions by leading archaeologists from across Europe explore the varied forms, functions and significances of fortified settlements in the 8th to 10th centuries AD. These could be sites of strongly martial nature, upland retreats, monastic enclosures, rural seats, island bases, or urban nuclei. But they were all expressions of control - of states, frontiers, lands, materials, communities - and ones defined by walls, ramparts or enclosing banks. Papers run from Irish cashels to Welsh and Pictish strongholds, Saxon burhs, Viking fortresses, Byzantine castra, Carolingian creations, Venetian barricades, Slavic strongholds, and Bulgarian central places, and coverage extends fully from northwest Europe, to central Europe, the northern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Strongly informed by recent fieldwork and excavations, but drawing also where available on the documentary record, this important collection provides fully up-to-date reviews and analyses of the archaeology of the distinctive settlement forms that characterized Europe in the Early Middle Ages.
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
INTRODUCTION
‘Defining and Understanding Defended Settlements in Early Medieval Europe: Structures, Roles, Landscapes and Communities’ – Neil Christie & Hajnalka Herold
NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE
‘The Irish Cashel: Enclosed Settlement, Fortified Settlement or Settled Fortification? With Evidence from Ongoing Excavations at Caherconnell, Co. Clare, Western Ireland’ – Michelle Comber (Galway, Ireland)
‘Early Medieval Defended Settlement Enclosures in Ireland in the 9th and 10th Centuries AD’ – Aidan O’Sullivan (Dublin, Ireland)
‘Fortified Settlement and the Emergence of Kingdoms in Northern Scotland in the First Millennium AD’ – Gordon Noble (Aberdeen, UK)
‘Defended Settlement in Early Medieval Wales: Problems of Presence, Absence and Interpretation’ – Andrew Seaman (Canterbury, UK)
‘Creating Defended Communities in Later Saxon Wessex’ – Neil Christie (Leicester, UK)
‘Monumental Expression and Fortification in Denmark in the Time of King Harald Bluetooth’ – Anne Pedersen (Copenhagen, Denmark)
CENTRAL EUROPE
7. ‘North-Western Slavic Strongholds of the 8th–10th Centuries AD’ – Felix Biermann (Göttingen, Germany)
8. ‘Early Medieval Strongholds in Polish Lands’ – Przemysław Urbańczyk (Warsaw, Poland)
9. ‘The Natural Environment, Anthropogenic Influences and Supra-Regional Contacts at 9th- to 10th-Century Fortified Elite Settlements in Central Europe’ – Hajnalka Herold (Exeter, UK)
10. ‘The Beginnings of Medieval Fortifications in the Late Carolingian Period from a Swiss Perspective‘ – Adriano Boschetti-Maradi (Bern, Switzerland)
WESTERN EUROPE
11. ‘Anxious Abbots? Questions of Monastic Security and Insecurity in Early Medieval Europe’ – Neil Christie (Leicester, UK) & Richard Hodges (Rome, Italy)
12. ‘Controlling and Contesting Urban Spaces: Rulers and Urban Communities in Southern England and Northern France from the Later 9th to 11th Century’ – Ryan Lavelle (Winchester, UK)
13. ‘Circular, D-Shaped and Other Fortifications in 9th- and 10th-Century Flanders and Zeeland as Markers of the Territorialisation of Power(s)’ – Dries Tys, Pieterjan Deckers & Barbora Wouters (Brussels, Belgium)
14. ‘Early and High Medieval ‘Incastellamento’ in Northern Iberia: Fortified Settlements in the Basque Country and Upper Ebro Valley (9th–12th Centuries)’ – Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Pais Vasco/Spain)
15. ‘The Southern Carolingian Frontier in Marca Hispanica along the River Ter: Roda Civitas and the Archaeological Site of L’Esquerda (Catalonia)’ – Imma Ollich-Castanyer, Montserrat Rocafiguera-Espona and Maria Ocaña-Subirana (Barcelona, Catalonia/Spain)
MEDITERRANEAN AND ADRIATIC EUROPE
16. ‘The Western Black Sea Coast in the 8th–10th Centuries: How and How Much was it Defended?’ – Rossina Kostova (Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria)
17. ‘A Window on an Uncertain World: Butrint and the Fortified Sites of Epirus in the 7th–9th Centuries AD’ – William Bowden (Nottingham, UK)
18. ‘Fortified Settlements in Carolingian Istria’ – Miljenko Jurković (Zagreb, Croatia)
19. ‘Castles on the Water? Defences in Venice and Comacchio during the Early Middle Ages’ – Sauro Gelichi (Venice, Italy)
20. ‘Walled Towns of the 8th–11th Centuries in Central Italy’ – Carlo Citter (Siena, Italy)
21. ‘Fortified Settlements of the 8th to 10th Centuries. Italy and the Case of Tuscany’ – Marco Valenti (Siena, Italy)
22. ‘Timber and Earth in the Architecture of Italian Early Medieval Fortified Sites (8th–10th Centuries AD)’ – Vittorio Fronza (Siena, Italy)
23. ‘Fortified and Unfortified Settlements in Byzantine and Islamic Sicily: 6th to 11th Centuries’ – Alessandra Molinari (Rome, Italy)
